The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that killed millions and lay the continent of Europe on the path to further catastrophe two decades later . But it did n’t come out of nowhere . With the centenary of the irruption of ill will coming up in August , Erik Sass will be reckon back at the lead - up to the war , when ostensibly pocket-size moments of rubbing hoard until the situation was ready to explode . He ’ll be cover those events 100 days after they occur . This is the 98th installment in the serial .
January 13 to 15, 1914: Russians Weigh War Against Turkey, Liman von Sanders Affair Resolved
In mid - January 1914 , the Liman von Sanders Affair was finally resolve by some bureaucratic sleight - of - mitt in Constantinople — and not a moment too soon , as the Russians were seriously considering war against the Ottoman Empire .
In December 1913 , Russian alien minister Sergei Sazonov wasalarmedby theappointmentof a German officer , Liman von Sanders , to command the Turkish First Army Corps guarding Constantinople ; Sazonov and other top officials in St. Petersburg feared this would place the Ottoman capital and strategic Turkish straits under German ascendency , menacing Russian alien trade and frustrating their own ambitions to conquer the ancient metropolis in the not - too - upstage future .
Sazonov respond byenlistingRussia ’s “ Triple Entente ” ally , France and Britain , to blackmail Germany and Turkey to cancel the von Sanders deputation . The French were ready to back up Russia , but the cagey British required a bit of coaxing . After some dithering , British alien rector Edward Grey finallywarnedBerlin that the Russians might demand recompense for von Sanders ’ appointment in the form of dominion in Turkish Armenia ( where the Russians were alreadyfomentingrebellion ) , which in twist might trigger off the net collapse of the Ottoman Empire — precisely what the Germans did n’t desire to pass ( at least , not yet ) .
Facing a united front from Russia , France , and Britain , the Germans signaled that they were ready to compromise : after some urging by German diplomat , in late December von Sanders asked the Turkish regime to transfer him to another command , which would get rid of him from Constantinople while still upholding German prestige . However the Turks , still hoping to draw Germany into a foresightful - terminal figure justificatory alliance , took their clock time about grant the petition .
The Russians were in no mood to look : On January 13 , 1914 , Sazonov convened a war council presided over by premier Vladimir Kokovtsov ( who was also finance minister ) and serve by state of war minister Vladimir Sukhomlinov , navy minister Ivan Grigorovich , and chief of staff Yakov Zhilinsky . At this hugger-mugger coming together Russia ’s top leading deliberate the ramifications of war against the Ottoman Empire — including the possibility of a much wider warfare .
refer to Sazonov ’s designs on Turkish Armenia , Kokovtsov warned that Russian advances here would in all likelihood set off war with Germany and Austria - Hungary . Could Russia handle all three enemies at once ? The solvent depended part on Russia ’s allies . Here Sazonov told his colleagues that “ France would go as far as Russia may care , ” an opinion supported by French United States President Raymond Poincaré’sstatementsas well as the recentappointmentof the ferociously anti - German Maurice Paléologue as Gallic embassador to Russia ; Sazonov had also receivedassurancesfrom Poincaré that Britain would fight with them — as long as the British believed that the Germans started it .
On the military front , Sukhomlinov and Zhilinsky expressed authority that Russia could fight Turkey , Germany , and Austria - Hungary simultaneously , as long as she could count on support from France and Britain . True , the strategical situation would be even near in 1917 , when Russia’sGreat Military Program , ultimately O.K. by Tsar Nicholas II in November 1913 , would be substantially complete ; Russia also require to extend its military railway and bolster up its Black Sea fleet for an amphibious rape on Constantinople . But the soldiers were absolved : If Russia had to go to warfare now , she could take all comer .
As it sprain out , this would n’t be necessary . On January 15 , 1914 , the Turks announced that Liman von Sanders had been promoted to field marshal in the Turkish army , which intend he was now too high - ranking to command an individual ground forces corporation ; instead he would dish up as inspector general , supervise preparation and reform . fundamentally , von Sanders had been “ kicked upstairs ” to solve the berth without damaging anyone ’s prestigiousness .
As this passive resolution showed , nobody really wanted a general European war . The trouble was that most of the Great Powers — Russia and France on one side , Germany and Austria - Hungary on the other — believed they faced long - terminus threats that might eventually oblige them to go to war in spite of their own peaceful intentions . Russia revere another power might attach Constantinople and also felt hold to protect its Slavic first cousin , Serbia , so as to preserve its own influence in the Balkans ; FrancefearedGermany ’s growing economic and military might and resented Germanbullyingin colonial social function ; the Austrians feared theriseof Slavonic nationalism in the Balkans , which jeopardise to shoot down their patchwork empire apart ; and the Germans fearedencirclementand thedeclineof Austria - Hungary , their only real ally .
As 1914 wore on these fearfulness — along with each nation ’s belief in its own military preparedness , and their collective tendency to bluff out and counter - bluff in high-pitched - stakes conflicts — all combined to produce a very serious site .
See theprevious installmentorall first appearance .
